Mastering Migraine

Free Migraine Guide

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Research Library

The science behind the Mastering Migraine courses, with links to every study.

493 sources · 151 explained in articles

This library lists all 493 studies, reviews, guidelines and texts from the bibliographies of the four Mastering Migraine courses. 151 of them are explained in plain language in the articles. Each entry links to its PubMed record or original source where one exists. Use your browser’s find feature (Ctrl+F or Cmd+F) to search for an author or topic.

Sources explained in the articles

The 152 sources used in the library’s articles, with links to where each is discussed.

  1. Abdolahi M, Sarraf P, Javanbakht MH, et al. A Novel Combination of ω-3 Fatty Acids and Nano-Curcumin Modulates Interleukin-6 Gene Expression and High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein Serum Levels in Patients with Migraine: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2018;17(6):430-438. PubMed 29938621 · DOI Explained in: What research says about supplements
  2. Adelborg K, Szépligeti SK, Holland-Bill L, et al. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular diseases: Danish population based matched cohort study. BMJ. 2018;360:k96. PubMed 29386181 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine
  3. Agostoni EC, Longoni M. Migraine and cerebrovascular disease: still a dangerous connection?. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(Suppl 1):33-37. PubMed 29904830 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine
  4. Aguila MR, Rebbeck T, Pope A, et al. Six-month clinical course and factors associated with non-improvement in migraine and non-migraine headaches. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(10):1672-1686. PubMed 29199431 · DOI Explained in: Neck, jaw and muscles
  5. Alghadir AH, Anwer S. Effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation in the Management of a Vestibular Migraine: A Review. Front Neurol. 2018;9:440. PubMed 29946294 · DOI Explained in: Eyes, balance and dizziness, Neurological rehabilitation
  6. Allais G, Chiarle G, Sinigaglia S, et al. Estrogen, migraine, and vascular risk. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(Suppl 1):11-20. PubMed 29904828 · DOI Explained in: Birth control, aura and stroke risk
  7. Allen SM, Mookadam F, Cha SS, et al. Greater Occipital Nerve Block for Acute Treatment of Migraine Headache: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2018;31(2):211-218. PubMed 29535237 · DOI Explained in: Working with your medical team
  8. Alstadhaug KB, Odeh F, Salvesen R, et al. Prophylaxis of migraine with melatonin: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2010;75(17):1527-32. PubMed 20975054 · DOI Explained in: Sleep and your body clock, What research says about supplements
  9. Altamura C, Botti G, Paolucci M, et al. Promoting healthy eating can help preventing migraine: a real-life preliminary study. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(Suppl 1):155-156. PubMed 29904842 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight
  10. American Headache Society. The American Headache Society Position Statement On Integrating New Migraine Treatments Into Clinical Practice. Headache. 2019;59(1):1-18. PubMed 30536394 · DOI Explained in: Being taken seriously: stigma and getting help, Neuromodulation devices, The Mastering Migraine framework, The four phases of a migraine attack, Working with your medical team, Your migraine-day plan
  11. Aurora SK, Brin MF. Chronic Migraine: An Update on Physiology, Imaging, and the Mechanism of Action of Two Available Pharmacologic Therapies. Headache. 2017;57(1):109-125. PubMed 27910097 · DOI Explained in: What happens in the brain during migraine, What migraine really is
  12. Badley EM, Millstone DB, Perruccio AV. Back Pain and Co-occurring Conditions: Findings From a Nationally Representative Sample. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(16):E935-E941. PubMed 29462062 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine, Neck, jaw and muscles
  13. Bednarczuk NF, Bonsu A, Ortega MC, et al. Abnormal visuo-vestibular interactions in vestibular migraine: a cross sectional study. Brain. 2019;142(3):606-616. PubMed 30759189 · DOI Explained in: Eyes, balance and dizziness, Light, smells, screens and the environment
  14. Beh SC, Masrour S, Smith SV, et al. The Spectrum of Vestibular Migraine: Clinical Features, Triggers, and Examination Findings. Headache. 2019;59(5):727-740. PubMed 30737783 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine, Eyes, balance and dizziness, Neurological rehabilitation, Types of migraine
  15. Benz T, Lehmann S, Gantenbein AR, et al. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of the German version of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):42. PubMed 29523138 · DOI Explained in: Being taken seriously: stigma and getting help, What care looks like over time, Your first visit: a comprehensive exam
  16. Benz T, Nüssle A, Lehmann S, et al. Health and quality of life in patients with medication overuse headache syndrome after standardized inpatient rehabilitation: A cross-sectional pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(47):e8493. PubMed 29381924 · DOI Explained in: When migraine becomes chronic
  17. Blumenfeld AM, Stark RJ, Freeman MC, et al. Long-term study of the efficacy and safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA for the prevention of chronic migraine: COMPEL study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):13. PubMed 29404713 · DOI Explained in: Working with your medical team
  18. Bonafede M, Cai Q, Cappell K, et al. Factors Associated with Direct Health Care Costs Among Patients with Migraine. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017;23(11):1169-1176. PubMed 29083975 · DOI Explained in: Migraine by the numbers
  19. Borsook D, Erpelding N, Lebel A, et al. Sex and the migraine brain. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;68:200-14. PubMed 24662368 · DOI Explained in: Estrogen and the menstrual cycle, Hormones in men with migraine, Hormones: testing and balance
  20. Bunner AE, Agarwal U, Gonzales JF, et al. Nutrition intervention for migraine: a randomized crossover trial. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):69. PubMed 25339342 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight
  21. Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The Prevalence and Impact of Migraine and Severe Headache in the United States: Figures and Trends From Government Health Studies. Headache. 2018;58(4):496-505. PubMed 29527677 · DOI Explained in: Estrogen and the menstrual cycle, Hormones in men with migraine, Migraine by the numbers
  22. Buse DC, Rains JC, Pavlovic JM, et al. Sleep Disorders Among People With Migraine: Results From the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study. Headache. 2019;59(1):32-45. PubMed 30381821 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine, Sleep and your body clock
  23. Calabrò C, Di Tillo E, Pensato U, et al. Migraine chronification as an allostatic disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Neurol Sci. 2024;45(6):2775-2782. PubMed 38261154 · DOI Explained in: Stress and the stress response, Your migraine threshold: the bucket idea
  24. Cambron M, Anseeuw S, Paemeleire K, et al. Saccade behaviour in migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(9):1005-14. PubMed 21628442 · DOI Explained in: Eyes, balance and dizziness, Your first visit: a comprehensive exam
  25. Carturan P, Scorcine C, Fragoso YD. Migraine in the post-menopausal period is associated with higher levels of mood disorders, disability, and more menopausal symptoms. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2016;74(12):999-1002. PubMed 27991998 · DOI Explained in: Pregnancy, perimenopause and menopause
  26. Castelnuovo G, Giusti EM, Manzoni GM, et al. What Is the Role of the Placebo Effect for Pain Relief in Neurorehabilitation? Clinical Implications From the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation. Front Neurol. 2018;9:310. PubMed 29867723 · DOI Explained in: Mind-body tools and self-management
  27. Castien RF, van der Wouden JC, De Hertogh W. Pressure pain thresholds over the cranio-cervical region in headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):9. PubMed 29374331 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care, Neck, jaw and muscles
  28. Cerritelli F, Ginevri L, Messi G, et al. Clinical effectiveness of osteopathic treatment in chronic migraine: 3-Armed randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(2):149-56. PubMed 25847552 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  29. Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH. Migraine and estrogen. Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(3):315-24. PubMed 24792340 · DOI Explained in: Estrogen and the menstrual cycle, Hormones: testing and balance, Types of migraine
  30. Chaibi A, Benth JŠ, Tuchin PJ, et al. Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy for migraine: a three-armed, single-blinded, placebo, randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(1):143-153. PubMed 27696633 · DOI Explained in: Mind-body tools and self-management, Musculoskeletal care
  31. Chaibi A, Tuchin PJ, Russell MB. Manual therapies for migraine: a systematic review. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(2):127-33. PubMed 21298314 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  32. Chandna A, Chandrasekharan DP, Ramesh AV, et al. Altered interictal saccadic reaction time in migraine: a cross-sectional study. Cephalalgia. 2012;32(6):473-80. PubMed 22492423 · DOI Explained in: Eyes, balance and dizziness
  33. Charles A. The role of caffeine in headache disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2024;37(3):289-294. PubMed 38327229 · DOI Explained in: Caffeine: friend and foe
  34. Chiu HY, Yeh TH, Huang YC, et al. Effects of Intravenous and Oral Magnesium on Reducing Migraine: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Physician. 2016;19(1):E97-112. PubMed 26752497 Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, What research says about supplements
  35. Chou DE, Shnayderman Yugrakh M, Winegarner D, et al. Acute migraine therapy with external trigeminal neurostimulation (ACME): A randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(1):3-14. PubMed 30449151 · DOI Explained in: Neuromodulation devices, Your migraine-day plan
  36. Dahri M, Tarighat-Esfanjani A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, et al. Oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with migraine: Effects on clinical features and inflammatory markers. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(9):607-615. PubMed 29298622 · DOI Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, What research says about supplements
  37. De Marchis ML, Guadagni F, Silvestris E, et al. Genetic bases of the nutritional approach to migraine. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(14):2308-2320. PubMed 29517920 · DOI Explained in: Food sensitivities: histamine, gluten and more, Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, The Mastering Migraine Diet, Why some brains are more sensitive
  38. Delaruelle Z, Ivanova TA, Khan S, et al. Male and female sex hormones in primary headaches. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):117. PubMed 30497379 · DOI Explained in: Estrogen and the menstrual cycle, Hormones in men with migraine
  39. Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Bracaglia M, et al. Cortical functional correlates of responsiveness to short-lasting preventive intervention with ketogenic diet in migraine: a multimodal evoked potentials study. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:58. PubMed 27245682 · DOI Explained in: Skipped meals and blood sugar swings, The Mastering Migraine Diet
  40. Diener HC, Holle D, Dresler T, et al. Chronic Headache Due to Overuse of Analgesics and Anti-Migraine Agents. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(22):365-370. PubMed 29932046 · DOI Explained in: When migraine becomes chronic, Your migraine-day plan
  41. Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J, et al. Ubrogepant for the Treatment of Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(23):2230-2241. PubMed 31800988 · DOI Explained in: What happens in the brain during migraine, Working with your medical team
  42. Ebrahimi-Monfared M, Sharafkhah M, Abdolrazaghnejad A, et al. Use of melatonin versus valproic acid in prophylaxis of migraine patients: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2017;35(4):385-393. PubMed 28800342 · DOI Explained in: Sleep and your body clock, What research says about supplements
  43. Evcili G, Utku U, Öğün MN, et al. Early and long period follow-up results of low glycemic index diet for migraine prophylaxis. Agri. 2018;30(1):8-11. PubMed 29450870 · DOI Explained in: Skipped meals and blood sugar swings, The Mastering Migraine Diet
  44. Fallah R, Fazelishoroki F, Sekhavat L. A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Melatonin and Amitriptyline in Migraine Prophylaxis of Children. Iran J Child Neurol. 2018;12(1):47-54. PubMed 29379562 Explained in: Sleep and your body clock
  45. Falsiroli Maistrello L, Geri T, Gianola S, et al. Effectiveness of Trigger Point Manual Treatment on the Frequency, Intensity, and Duration of Attacks in Primary Headaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Neurol. 2018;9:254. PubMed 29740386 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  46. Faubion SS, Batur P, Calhoun AH. Migraine Throughout the Female Reproductive Life Cycle. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(5):639-645. PubMed 29728203 · DOI Explained in: Hormones: testing and balance, Pregnancy, perimenopause and menopause
  47. Florencio LL, Giantomassi MC, Carvalho GF, et al. Generalized Pressure Pain Hypersensitivity in the Cervical Muscles in Women with Migraine. Pain Med. 2015;16(8):1629-34. PubMed 25929269 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care, Neck, jaw and muscles, What happens in the brain during migraine
  48. Formeister EJ, Rizk HG, Kohn MA, et al. The Epidemiology of Vestibular Migraine: A Population-based Survey Study. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39(8):1037-1044. PubMed 30020261 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine, Eyes, balance and dizziness, Types of migraine
  49. Gazerani P. A Bidirectional View of Migraine and Diet Relationship. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:435-451. PubMed 33603381 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight, Food sensitivities: histamine, gluten and more, The Mastering Migraine Diet
  50. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211-1259. PubMed 28919117 · DOI Explained in: Migraine by the numbers
  51. Geng D, Liu H, Wang H, et al. Association between Oxidative Balance Score and Severe Headache or Migraine among American Adults A Cross-Section Study. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2024;21(2):139-147. PubMed 38323611 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight, What happens in the brain during migraine, Why some brains are more sensitive
  52. Ghorbani Z, Togha M, Rafiee P, et al. Vitamin D in migraine headache: a comprehensive review on literature. Neurol Sci. 2019;40(12):2459-2477. PubMed 31377873 · DOI Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, What research says about supplements
  53. Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, et al. Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(2):553-622. PubMed 28179394 · DOI Explained in: Being taken seriously: stigma and getting help, Food sensitivities: histamine, gluten and more, Light, smells, screens and the environment, Neck, jaw and muscles, Neurological rehabilitation, Skipped meals and blood sugar swings, Sleep and your body clock, Stress and the stress response, The Mastering Migraine framework, The autonomic nervous system, The four phases of a migraine attack, What happens in the brain during migraine, What migraine really is, Why some brains are more sensitive, Your migraine threshold: the bucket idea
  54. Granston A, Drummond PD. Painful stimulation of the temple during optokinetic stimulation triggers migraine-like attacks in migraine sufferers. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(3):219-24. PubMed 15689198 · DOI Explained in: Eyes, balance and dizziness, Your first visit: a comprehensive exam
  55. Grazzi L, Sansone E, Raggi A, et al. Mindfulness and pharmacological prophylaxis after withdrawal from medication overuse in patients with Chronic Migraine: an effectiveness trial with a one-year follow-up. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):15. PubMed 28161874 · DOI Explained in: Mind-body tools and self-management, Stress and the stress response
  56. Gu T, Lin L, Jiang Y, et al. Acupuncture therapy in treating migraine: results of a magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging study. J Pain Res. 2018;11:889-900. PubMed 29740217 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  57. Guilbot A, Bangratz M, Ait Abdellah S, et al. A combination of coenzyme Q10, feverfew and magnesium for migraine prophylaxis: a prospective observational study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):433. PubMed 28854909 · DOI Explained in: What research says about supplements
  58. Guilliams TG. The Role of Stress and the HPA Axis in Chronic Disease Management. Point Institute. 2015. Source Explained in: Hormones: testing and balance, Mind-body tools and self-management, Stress and the stress response, The Mastering Migraine framework, Your migraine threshold: the bucket idea
  59. Hagen K, Åsberg AN, Stovner L, et al. Lifestyle factors and risk of migraine and tension-type headache. Follow-up data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Surveys 1995-1997 and 2006-2008. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(13):1919-1926. PubMed 29517305 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight, Light, smells, screens and the environment
  60. Hajjarzadeh S, Mahdavi R, Shalilahmadi D, et al. The association of dietary patterns with migraine attack frequency in migrainous women. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(9):724-730. PubMed 30489231 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight
  61. Hajjarzadeh S, Nikniaz Z, Shalilahmadi D, et al. Comparison of Diet Quality Between Women With Chronic and Episodic Migraine. Headache. 2019;59(8):1221-1228. PubMed 31453643 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight, Skipped meals and blood sugar swings, The Mastering Migraine Diet
  62. Hanssen H, Minghetti A, Magon S, et al. Effects of different endurance exercise modalities on migraine days and cerebrovascular health in episodic migraineurs: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(3):1103-1112. PubMed 29161767 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  63. Hassan SA, Farooque U, Choudhry AS, et al. Therapeutic Implications of Altered Energy Metabolism in Migraine: A State-of-the-Art Review. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8571. PubMed 32670707 · DOI Explained in: Why some brains are more sensitive
  64. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3). Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211. Source · DOI Explained in: Estrogen and the menstrual cycle, The four phases of a migraine attack, Types of migraine, What migraine really is, When a headache needs urgent care, When migraine becomes chronic
  65. Hepp Z, Dodick DW, Varon SF, et al. Persistence and switching patterns of oral migraine prophylactic medications among patients with chronic migraine: A retrospective claims analysis. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(5):470-485. PubMed 27837173 · DOI Explained in: Working with your medical team
  66. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-53. PubMed 22529203 · DOI Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, The Mastering Migraine framework, What research says about supplements, Why some brains are more sensitive
  67. Howard L, Dumkrieger G, Chong CD, et al. Symptoms of Autonomic Dysfunction Among Those With Persistent Posttraumatic Headache Attributed to Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comparison to Migraine and Healthy Controls. Headache. 2018;58(9):1397-1407. PubMed 30156267 · DOI Explained in: Concussion and post-traumatic headache, The autonomic nervous system
  68. Huang Q, Liang X, Wang S, et al. Association between Body Mass Index and Migraine: A Survey of Adult Population in China. Behav Neurol. 2018;2018:6585734. PubMed 29849812 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight
  69. Huddleston C, Martin L, Woods K, et al. One-Day Behavioral Intervention for Distressed Veterans with Migraine: Results of a Multimethod Pilot Study. Mil Med. 2018;183(7-8):e184-e192. PubMed 29420786 · DOI Explained in: Mind-body tools and self-management, Stress and the stress response
  70. Janani AS, Pope KJ, Fenton N, et al. Resting cranial and upper cervical muscle activity is increased in patients with migraine. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;129(9):1913-1919. PubMed 30005219 · DOI Explained in: Neck, jaw and muscles
  71. Kamins J, Charles A. Posttraumatic Headache: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Headache. 2018;58(6):811-826. PubMed 29757458 · DOI Explained in: Concussion and post-traumatic headache, Conditions that often travel with migraine, Neurological rehabilitation, Types of migraine
  72. Katsarava Z, Mania M, Lampl C, et al. Poor medical care for people with migraine in Europe – evidence from the Eurolight study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):10. PubMed 29392600 · DOI Explained in: Being taken seriously: stigma and getting help, Migraine by the numbers
  73. Kish T. Emerging Therapies for Patients With Difficult-to-Treat Migraine. P T. 2018;43(10):616-621. PubMed 30271106 Explained in: Working with your medical team
  74. Kopishinskaya SV, Gustov AV. [Gluten migraine]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2015;115(8):13-17. PubMed 26356609 · DOI Explained in: Food sensitivities: histamine, gluten and more, The Mastering Migraine Diet
  75. Krøll LS, Hammarlund CS, Linde M, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise for persons with migraine and co-existing tension-type headache and neck pain. A randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(12):1805-1816. PubMed 29333870 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  76. Kılıç B, Kılıç M. Evaluation of Vitamin D Levels and Response to Therapy of Childhood Migraine. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(7). PubMed 31261815 · DOI Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, What research says about supplements
  77. Lawler SP, Cameron LD. A randomized, controlled trial of massage therapy as a treatment for migraine. Ann Behav Med. 2006;32(1):50-9. PubMed 16827629 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  78. Lee MJ, Choi HA, Choi H, et al. Caffeine discontinuation improves acute migraine treatment: a prospective clinic-based study. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):71. PubMed 27492448 · DOI Explained in: Caffeine: friend and foe, The Mastering Migraine Diet
  79. Lee SH, Kang Y, Sohn JH, et al. Dizziness Handicap and Its Contributing Factors in Patients With Migraine. Pain Pract. 2019;19(5):484-490. PubMed 30659725 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine, Eyes, balance and dizziness
  80. Li W, Diao X, Chen C, et al. Changes in hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in migraine patients. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;50:165-171. PubMed 29366620 · DOI Explained in: Estrogen and the menstrual cycle, Hormones in men with migraine, Hormones: testing and balance, Stress and the stress response
  81. Li Z, Zeng F, Yin T, et al. Acupuncture modulates the abnormal brainstem activity in migraine without aura patients. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;15:367-375. PubMed 28580293 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  82. Lin WS, Huang TF, Chuang TY, et al. Association between Cervical Spondylosis and Migraine: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4). PubMed 29587400 · DOI Explained in: Neck, jaw and muscles
  83. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(6):CD001218. PubMed 27351677 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care, Neuromodulation devices
  84. Loeb LM, Amorim RP, Mazzacoratti MDGN, et al. Botulinum toxin A (BT-A) versus low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in chronic migraine treatment: a comparison. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2018;76(10):663-667. PubMed 30427505 · DOI Explained in: Neuromodulation devices, Your migraine-day plan
  85. MacGregor EA. Migraine, menopause and hormone replacement therapy. Post Reprod Health. 2018;24(1):11-18. PubMed 28994639 · DOI Explained in: Hormones: testing and balance, Pregnancy, perimenopause and menopause
  86. Maghbooli M, Golipour F, Moghimi Esfandabadi A, et al. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. Phytother Res. 2014;28(3):412-5. PubMed 23657930 · DOI Explained in: What research says about supplements, Your migraine-day plan
  87. Marano E, Marcelli V, Di Stasio E, et al. Trigeminal stimulation elicits a peripheral vestibular imbalance in migraine patients. Headache. 2005;45(4):325-31. PubMed 15836568 · DOI Explained in: Neurological rehabilitation
  88. Martins LB, Rodrigues AMDS, Monteze NM, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(1):88-95. PubMed 31398997 · DOI Explained in: What research says about supplements
  89. Meng SH, Wang MX, Kang LX, et al. Dietary Intake of Calcium and Magnesium in Relation to Severe Headache or Migraine. Front Nutr. 2021;8:653765. PubMed 33748178 · DOI Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine
  90. Menon S, Nasir B, Avgan N, et al. The effect of 1 mg folic acid supplementation on clinical outcomes in female migraine with aura patients. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):60. PubMed 27339806 · DOI Explained in: Nutrient deficiencies linked to migraine, The Mastering Migraine Diet, What research says about supplements, Why some brains are more sensitive
  91. Mirzababaei A, Khorsha F, Togha M, et al. Associations between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and migraine headache severity and duration among women. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(5):335-342. PubMed 30064351 · DOI Explained in: Diet quality, inflammation and body weight
  92. Mittleman MR, Mostofsky E, Vgontzas A, et al. Habitual caffeinated beverage consumption and headaches among adults with episodic migraine: A prospective cohort study. Headache. 2024;64(3):299-305. PubMed 38318677 · DOI Explained in: Caffeine: friend and foe
  93. Moore CS, Sibbritt DW, Adams J. A critical review of manual therapy use for headache disorders: prevalence, profiles, motivations, communication and self-reported effectiveness. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):61. PubMed 28340566 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  94. Mose LS, Pedersen SS, Debrabant B, et al. The role of personality, disability and physical activity in the development of medication-overuse headache: a prospective observational study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):39. PubMed 29802536 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care
  95. Mucha A, Collins MW, Elbin RJ, et al. A Brief Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment to evaluate concussions: preliminary findings. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(10):2479-86. PubMed 25106780 · DOI Explained in: Concussion and post-traumatic headache, Your first visit: a comprehensive exam
  96. Munksgaard SB, Madsen SK, Wienecke T. Treatment of medication overuse headache-A review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139(5):405-414. PubMed 30710346 · DOI Explained in: When migraine becomes chronic
  97. Musil F, Pokladnikova J, Pavelek Z, et al. Acupuncture in migraine prophylaxis in Czech patients: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:1221-1228. PubMed 29785113 · DOI Explained in: Musculoskeletal care, Neuromodulation devices
  98. Nielsen M, Carlsen LN, Munksgaard SB, et al. Complete withdrawal is the most effective approach to reduce disability in patients with medication-overuse headache: A randomized controlled open-label trial. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(7):863-872. PubMed 30732459 · DOI Explained in: When migraine becomes chronic
  99. Noseda R, Kainz V, Borsook D, et al. Neurochemical pathways that converge on thalamic trigeminovascular neurons: potential substrate for modulation of migraine by sleep, food intake, stress and anxiety. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103929. PubMed 25090640 · DOI Explained in: Light, smells, screens and the environment, What happens in the brain during migraine, What migraine really is
  100. Nowaczewska M, Wiciński M, Kaźmierczak W, et al. To Eat or Not to Eat: A Review of the Relationship between Chocolate and Migraines. Nutrients. 2020;12(3). PubMed 32110888 · DOI Explained in: Food sensitivities: histamine, gluten and more, The four phases of a migraine attack
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Full course bibliographies

Open a course to see every source in its bibliography.

Course 1: Neurophysiology & Clinical Manifestations (90 sources)
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  75. Su M, Yu S. Chronic migraine: A process of dysmodulation and sensitization. Mol Pain. 2018;14:1744806918767697. PubMed 29642749 · DOI Explained in: Conditions that often travel with migraine, Diet quality, inflammation and body weight, Types of migraine, When migraine becomes chronic
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Course 2: Nutritional & Hormonal Considerations (125 sources)
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Mastering Migraine is an educational resource and is not a substitute for individualized medical care. Always talk with your own doctor before changing medications, starting supplements, or beginning a new treatment.